U.S. Student Test Scores Keep Falling: NAEP Trends Explained

Recent assessments reveal a troubling downturn in American students’ academic performance, particularly in core subjects like reading and mathematics. Data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) indicates significant score drops since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, with declines persisting into 2024 and 2025. For instance, average reading scores for 9-year-olds fell 5 points from 2020 to 2022, marking the steepest drop in over three decades, while math scores dropped 7 points—the first such decline ever recorded in that subject.

Understanding the Scale of the Decline

The NAEP Long-Term Trend assessment, administered by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), tracks achievement over decades. In 2022, scores for age 9 students plummeted across percentiles: lower-performing students at the 10th and 25th percentiles saw the most severe drops, exacerbating achievement gaps. This pattern held for both reading and math, where even middle- and high-performing students (50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles) experienced losses, though less pronounced.

By grade level, the trends are equally concerning. Elementary fourth graders’ average reading score dipped to 215 in 2024 from 217 in 2022, with only 32% reaching proficiency and 8% advanced. Middle school eighth graders averaged 258 in 2024, down from 260 in 2022, with a record 33% below basic levels. High school seniors fared no better, with 12th-grade reading at 283 in 2024 (down from 285 in 2019) and math hitting a 20-year low.

Disparities Across Demographics and Regions

Declines cut across student groups, though some variations emerged. In 2022, nearly all subgroups—by race, ethnicity, school locale, and region—saw lower reading and math scores compared to 2020. City school students’ reading scores remained stable, and Western region students showed no significant change in reading, but math drops were universal.

Lower-income and minority students, often at the 25th percentile, bore the brunt. For example, eighth-grade math proficiency fell from 74% at basic or above in 2013 to 61% recently, with every state reporting losses. Recovery has been uneven: math shows slight rebounds in some areas like Pennsylvania, but reading continues to slide.

This table summarizes key NAEP metrics, highlighting the persistent slide and widening gaps.

Root Causes Behind the Downturn

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated a decade-long stagnation, but pre-existing issues compounded the damage. School closures led to substantial learning loss, with longer shutdowns correlating to bigger drops—even quick-reopening districts struggled.

• Absenteeism Surge: In 2024, 31% of fourth graders missed three or more school days monthly, up from 24% in 2019, disrupting consistent instruction.
• Screen Time and Attention: Excessive digital exposure has shortened focus spans, reducing time for deep reading.
• Curriculum Shifts: High school English classes now assign fewer books—down from 20 annually two decades ago to about three—prioritizing skills over literature immersion, per experts like Dr. Carol Jago.
• Pandemic Aftermath: Remote learning widened inequities, with only 33% of 12th graders ready for college-level math and 35% for reading in recent tests.

These factors have stalled recovery: while math shows glimmers of improvement, reading proficiency remains elusive.

Long-Term Implications for Education and Economy

Sustained low performance threatens future workforce readiness. NAEP data shows reading as foundational, yet one-third of students across grades fail basic benchmarks—struggling with key text comprehension. This gap between low and average performers is expanding, signaling rising inequality.

Economically, declining skills could hinder innovation and productivity. Government investments in programs have not reversed trends, underscoring the need for targeted interventions.

Strategies to Reverse the Trend

Parents, educators, and policymakers must collaborate on evidence-based solutions.

1. Boost Daily Reading: Encourage 20-30 minutes of independent reading, focusing on age-appropriate books to rebuild stamina.
2. Tackle Absenteeism: Implement attendance incentives and family engagement programs.
3. Enhance Instruction: Train teachers in phonics-based reading and rigorous math curricula, increasing literature exposure.
4. Leverage Technology Wisely: Use edtech for personalized tutoring, not replacement of core learning.
5. Monitor Progress: Regular assessments like NAEP guide adjustments.

Early intervention yields results: high-performers show resilience, proving recovery is possible with focus.

Frequently Asked Questions

What caused the biggest drops in student scores?

The COVID-19 disruptions, including school closures and remote learning, triggered sharp declines, but chronic absenteeism, screen overload, and curriculum changes contribute ongoing issues.

Which students are most affected?

Lower-performing students at the 10th and 25th percentiles saw the largest drops, widening gaps for underserved groups.

Are scores improving post-pandemic?

Math shows minor recoveries in spots, but reading continues declining, with no widespread gains.

How can parents help at home?

Promote daily reading routines, limit screens, ensure school attendance, and discuss books to build comprehension skills.

What role does NAEP play?

NAEP provides trend data for ages 9-13 and grades 4, 8, 12, benchmarking national progress without high-stakes pressure.

Path Forward: Rebuilding Foundations

Addressing this crisis demands urgency. By prioritizing evidence-driven reforms, the U.S. can restore academic excellence. Parents hold key leverage through home support, complementing school efforts. Sustained action now prevents long-term setbacks.